[Non-distinctive abdominal pain: is it diverticular disease or not?] / Unklare Bauchschmerzen: Wann ist es eine Divertikelkrankheit und wann nicht?

Acute abdominal pain may relate to specific organ systems and needs an interdisciplinary approach with close collaboration between internal and surgical disciplines. Main objective is to shorten the diagnostic work-up between the beginning of the symptoms and their therapy. After clarifying of the five w-questions: when, how, how long, why, and where, abdominal ultrasound, ECG, laboratory diagnostics and early application of computed tomography should be performed.For the most part, chronic abdominal pain is caused by disorders of the gut-brain-axis such as the irritable bowel syndrome. Because of the synaptic plasticity, the processing of pain is dynamic and cannot be related to a single organ system. This problem is obvious in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and colonic diverticula, which may be interpreted as symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD, type 3a). However, a reliable clinical differentiation between both groups is not possible. The establishment of SUDD (type 3a) considerable widened the application area of mesalazine.

An In Vitro Study Evaluating the Safety of Mesalazine on Human Nasoepithelial Cells.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a disease characterised by the inflammation of the nasal and paranasal cavities. It is a widespread condition with considerable morbidity for patients. Current treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis consists of appropriate medical therapy followed by surgery in medically resistant patients. Although oral steroids are effective, they are associated with significant morbidity, and disease recurrence is common when discontinued. The development of additional steroid sparing therapies is therefore needed. Mesalazine is a commonly used therapeutic in inflammatory bowel disease, which shares a similar disease profile with chronic rhinosinusitis. This exploratory in vitro study aims to investigate whether mesalazine could be repurposed to a nasal wash, which is safe on human nasoepithelial cells, and retains its anti-inflammatory effects. CRS patients' human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) were collected. HNECs were grown at an air-liquid interface (ALIs) and in a monolayer and challenged with mesalazine or a non-medicated control. Transepithelial electrical resistance, paracellular permeability, and toxicity were measured to assess epithelial integrity and safety. The anti-inflammatory effects of mesalazine on the release of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were analysed using human leukemia monocytic cell line (THP-1). mesalazine did not impact the barrier function of HNEC-ALIs and was not toxic when applied to HNECs or THP-1 cells at concentrations up to 20 mM. mesalazine at 0.5 and 1 mM concentrations significantly inhibited TNF-α release by THP-1 cells. mesalazine effectively decreases TNF-α secretion from THP-1 cells, indicating the possibility of its anti-inflammatory properties. The safety profile of mesalazine at doses up to 20 mM suggests that it is safe when applied topically on HNECs.

Effect of huankuile on colon injury in rats with ulcerative colitis by reducing TNF-α and MMP9.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of huankuile (HKL) in colon injury repair in rats with ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: Fifty SPF Wistar male rats were divided randomly into a normal group, a negative control group, an HKL intervention group ('HKL group') and a 5-aminosalicylic acid intervention group ('5-ASA group'). After 14 days of intervention with corresponding drugs, pathological scores were obtained using the results of immunohistochemical staining; morphological changes were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the mRNA expression levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS: After the successful construction of the rat model, it was compared with the rats in the normal group. In the negative group, it was found that the expression of TNF-α and MMP9 was significantly increased in the colonic mucosal epithelia of the rats, the pathological score was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, MMP9 and IL-13 were increased (P < 0.05). After treatment with HKL, the colonic morphology of the rats returned to normal, the expression of TNF-α and MMP9 in the colonic mucosal epithelium of the rats returned to normal, the pathological score grade was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, MMP9 and IL-13 were reduced; these results were largely consistent with those of the normal group, with no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: HKL effectively improved the general symptoms and tissue injury in UC rats, and the therapeutic effect was better than that of 5-ASA group. Ulcerative colitis in rats increased the expression of TNF-α, MMP9 and IL-13. HKL repaired UC-induced colonic injury in rats by decreasing the expression of TNF-α, MMP9 and IL-13.

5-aminosalicylic acid suppresses osteoarthritis through the OSCAR-PPARγ axis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive and irreversible degenerative joint disease that is characterized by cartilage destruction, osteophyte formation, subchondral bone remodeling, and synovitis. Despite affecting millions of patients, effective and safe disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs are lacking. Here we reveal an unexpected role for the small molecule 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), which is used as an anti-inflammatory drug in ulcerative colitis. We show that 5-ASA competes with extracellular-matrix collagen-II to bind to osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR) on chondrocytes. Intra-articular 5-ASA injections ameliorate OA generated by surgery-induced medial-meniscus destabilization in male mice. Significantly, this effect is also observed when 5-ASA was administered well after OA onset. Moreover, mice with DMM-induced OA that are treated with 5-ASA at weeks 8-11 and sacrificed at week 12 have thicker cartilage than untreated mice that were sacrificed at week 8. Mechanistically, 5-ASA reverses OSCAR-mediated transcriptional repression of PPARγ in articular chondrocytes, thereby suppressing COX-2-related inflammation. It also improves chondrogenesis, strongly downregulates ECM catabolism, and promotes ECM anabolism. Our results suggest that 5-ASA could serve as a DMOAD.

A case report of refractory amebic colitis and literature review.

RATIONALE: Amebic colitis has been less prevalent in recent times in China, and the similarity of its symptoms to those of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results in the difficulty of early identification and diagnosis. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 31-year-old male who exhibited intermittent diarrhea and hematochezia was highly suspected as IBD initially. Despite the partial relief of symptoms following the administration of mesalamine, the endoscopic ulcers remained largely unchanged. DIAGNOSES: Two years after the onset of mesalamine therapy, amebic cysts were detected in stool microscopy and trophozoites were found on the surface of cecal ulcers. The patient was then diagnosed with amebic colitis. INTERVENTIONS: After 2 rounds of standardized metronidazole treatment, amebic colitis remained refractory until diloxanide was administered. OUTCOMES: The patient remained asymptomatic, and the mucosa of colon was normal during the annual follow-up. LESSONS: Individuals newly diagnosed with IBD should undergo essential screening for amebiasis. And the use of steroids should be taken with caution, especially in cases where the effect of mesalamine is limited. For symptomatic intestinal amebiasis, even after the administration of tissue amebicides, the continued use of luminal amebicides is necessary to prevent recurrence.

Gastrointestinal Behçet's disease: Manifestations, diagnosis, and management.

Behçet's disease (BD) is a rare, inflammatory vascular disorder with recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulcers, along with ocular and cutaneous manifestations. Gastrointestinal (GI) BD may involve any portion of the GI tract. However, it is commonly described in the terminal ileum, followed by the ileocecal region. Diagnosis is challenging given lack of pathognomonic tests; therefore, it is based on clinical criteria. Management of intestinal BD includes different classes of medications including corticosteroids, 5-aminosalicylic acid, immunomodulators, and anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody agents. In this review, we aim to focus on intestinal BD and provide details of clinical manifestations, diagnosis and therapeutic options of intestinal BD from gastroenterology viewpoint.

Iatrogenic rectal perforation due to application of topical treatment in a patient with ulcerative colitis: a rare complication.

Rectal perforations due to topical treatments (enemas or foams) are unusual complications and they have been mostly reported in the use of barium enemas or in elderly patients with constipation. Very little has been reported about perforations secondary to topical treatment in patients with ulcerative colitis. We present the case of a patient with ulcerative colitis who suffered a rectal perforation complicated with a superinfected collection after the application of topical mesalazine foam.

Management and treatment optimization of patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis.

INTRODUCTION: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with a significant health-care burden worldwide. While medical therapy aims to induce and maintain remission, optimal management of mild to moderate UC remains challenging due to heterogeneity in severity classifications and non-standardized approaches. This comprehensive review summarizes current evidence and knowledge gaps to optimize clinical decision-making in patients with mild to moderate UC. AREAS COVERED: After an extensive literature search of PubMed, Medline, and Embase through August 2023, we provide an overview of definitions utilized to characterize mild to moderate UC severity and established therapeutic targets. Current medical treatments including mesalazine formulations, corticosteroids, and their combinations are surveyed. The role of emerging intestinal ultrasound, telemedicine, and home testing is explored. Individualized, patient-centered paradigms aiming to streamline care delivery through proactive identification of relapses are also examined. EXPERT OPINION: Addressing inconsistencies in disease activity stratification will better align tailored regimens with each patient's profile. Advancing noninvasive technologies like ultrasound criteria and home testing could improve UC management by enabling personalized models. Realizing individualized plans through informed shared-decision making between health-care providers and fully engaged patients holds promise to maximize quality of life outcomes. Continuous improvement relies on innovation bridging different domains to overcome current limitations and push the field toward more predictive and tailored care.

Intravaginal Mesalamine Administration: A Novel Technique for Neovaginal Colitis.

OBJECTIVE: We aim to present a novel technique for the treatment of neovaginal diversion colitis (also known as neovaginal colitis). CASE: OT is a 21-year-old cisgender female with a history of VACTERL who underwent a colonic vaginoplasty as an infant. She presented with symptoms indicative of and later diagnosed as neovaginal diversion colitis. The patient underwent a novel regimen of vaginal instillation of mesalamine followed by complete resolution of her symptoms. DISCUSSION: The following case study demonstrates a potentially effective treatment for cases of neovaginal diversion colitis.

Outcomes Following Acute Severe Colitis at Initial Presentation: A Multi-centre, Prospective, Paediatric Cohort Study.

AIM: To assess contemporary outcomes in children with acute severe ulcerative colitis [ASUC] at initial presentation. METHODS: Between April 2014 and January 2019, children aged <17 years, with new onset ASUC (Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index [PUCAI ≥65) were prospectively followed in a Canadian inception cohort study. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing captured microbial composition of baseline faecal samples. Primary endpoint was corticosteroid-free clinical remission with intact colon at 1 year [PUCAI <10, no steroids ≥4 weeks]. RESULTS: Of 379 children with new onset UC/IBD-unclassified, 105 [28%] presented with ASUC (42% male; median [interquartile range; [IQR]) age 14 [11-16] years; extensive colitis in all). Compared with mild UC, gut microbiome of ASUC patients had lower α-diversity, decreased beneficial anaerobes, and increased aerobes; 54 [51%] children were steroid-refractory and given infliximab [87% intensified regimen]. Corticosteroid-free remission at 1 year was achieved by 62 [61%] ASUC cohort (by 34 [63%] steroid-refractory patients, all on biologics; by 28 [55%] steroid responders,13 [25%] on 5- aminosalicylic acid [5-ASA], 5 [10%] on thiopurines, 10 [20%] on biologics). By 1 year, 78 [74%] escalated to infliximab including 24 [47%] steroid-responders failed by 5-ASA and/or thiopurines. In multivariable analysis, clinical predictors for commencing infliximab included hypoalbuminaemia, greater PUCAI, higher age, and male sex. Over 18 months, repeat corticosteroid course[s] and repeat hospitalisation were less likely among steroid-refractory versus -responsive but -dependent patients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.71 [95% CI 0.57-0.89] and 0.54 [95% CI 0.45-0.66], respectively). CONCLUSION: The majority of children presenting with ASUC escalate therapy to biologics. Predictors of need for advanced therapy may guide selection of optimal maintenance therapy.

Development and validation of a nomogram to predict non-response to 5-aminosalicylic acid in patients with ulcerative colitis

Background: there are some patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who have non-response (NR) to 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). To promote individualized treatment in UC patients, it is crucial to identify valid predictors to estimate NR to 5-ASA. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the predictive value of clinical and biochemical markers and to construct a nomogram model predicting NR to 5-ASA in patients with UC. Methods: data of patients diagnosed with UC in the First Hospital of China Medical University between January 2012 and December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Primary outcome was the proportion of NR to 5-ASA. Multivariable logistic regression was used to construct prediction models. Area under the curve (AUC), calibration and decision curve analyses (DCA) were assessed in the validation cohort. Results: of 284 UC patients who were treatment-naive, 86 (30.3 %) had NR to 5-ASA. Univariate regression analysis showed that disease classification (DC) (p = 0.008), monocytes (MONO) (p = 0.041), platelet distribution width (PDW) (p = 0.027), serum total cholesterol (TC) (p = 0.031) and α1 globulin (p < 0.001) were strongly associated with NR to 5-ASA. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis indicated the AUC was 0.852, it showed that this model has a good degree of discrimination. The DCA curve showed that the predicted probability is 0.0-96.0 %. Conclusion: this study developed a predictive model with good discrimination and calibration, and high clinical validity, which can effectively estimate the risk of NR to 5-ASA. DC, MONO, PDW, TC and α1 globulin can be used as predictors for NR to 5-ASA in UC patients. (AU)

The long-term effect on surgery-free survival of biological compared to conventional therapy in Crohn's disease in real world-data: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The introduction of biological drugs has led to great expectations and growing optimism in the possibility that this new therapeutic strategy could favourably change the natural history of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and, in particular, that it could lead to a significant reduction in surgery in the short and long term. This study aims to assess the impact of biological versus conventional therapy on surgery-free survival time (from the diagnosis to the first bowel resection) and on the overall risk of surgery in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) who were never with the surgical option. METHODS: This is a retrospective, double-arm study including CD patients treated with either biological or conventional therapy (mesalamine, immunomodulators, antibiotics, or steroids). All CD patients admitted at the GI Unit of the S. Salvatore Hospital (L'Aquila. Italy) and treated with biological therapy since 1998 were included in the biological arm. Data concerning the CD patients receiving a conventional therapy were retrospectively collected from our database. These patients were divided into a pre-1998 and post-1998 group. Our primary outcome was the evaluation of the surgery-free survival since CD diagnosis to the first bowel resection. Surgery-free time and event incidence rates were calculated and compared among all groups, both in the original population and in the propensity-matched population. RESULTS: Two hundred three CD patients (49 biological, 93 conventional post-1998, 61 conventional pre-1998) were included in the study. Kaplan-Meier survivorship estimate shows that patients in the biological arm had a longer surgery-free survival compared to those in the conventional arm (p = 0.03). However, after propensity matching analysis, conducted on 143 patients, no significant difference was found in surgery-free survival (p = 0.3). A sub-group analysis showed shorter surgery-free survival in patients on conventional therapy in the pre-biologic era only (p = 0.02; Hazard Ratio 2.9; CI 1.01-8.54) while no significant difference was found between the biologic and conventional post-biologic groups (p = 0.15; Hazard Ratio 2.1; CI 0.69-6.44). CONCLUSION: This study shows that the introduction of biological therapy has only a slight impact on the eventual occurrence of surgery in CD patients over a long observation period. Nevertheless, biological therapy appears to delay the first intestinal resection.

Construction of molecular subgroups of ulcerative colitis.

OBJECTIVE: Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon with unknown etiology, is characterized by remission and recurrence. At present, a considerable number of UC cases are misdiagnosed or delayed in diagnosis and treatment. We aimed to identify UC-related genes to aid the development of drugs for this condition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Transcriptome data of 362 patients with UC and 126 control subjects were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus. The 362 patients with UC were subgrouped using unsupervised machine learning. R software was used to analyze the clinical characteristics of the subgroups, screen subgroup-specific genes, assess the relationships between gene modules and clinical characteristics using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and perform Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses of the subgroups. RESULTS: Patients with UC were classified into two subgroups. Genes specific to subgroup I included IL21R, ATP8B2, and PLEKHO1. Severe disease tended to be associated with immune cell infiltration; anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibodies and ustekinumab may have been effective in this subgroup. Subgroup II-specific genes included SLC4A4, EPB41L4B, and PLCE1. Patients in this subgroup had mild clinical conditions; however, their disease was more likely to progress to colorectal cancer. Thus, 5-aminosalicylic acid-based drugs may be effective for the treatment of UC in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: We divided UC into two molecular subgroups based on transcriptome data, providing molecular evidence for the development of diagnostic methods and individualized treatment strategies for UC.

Adherence to 5-aminosalicylic acid maintenance treatment in young people with ulcerative colitis: a retrospective cohort study in primary care.

BACKGROUND: Maintenance treatment with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is recommended in ulcerative colitis (UC), but accurate estimates of discontinuation and adherence in adolescents transitioning to young adulthood are lacking. AIM: To determine rates and risk factors for discontinuation and adherence to oral 5-ASA in adolescents and young adults 1 year following diagnosis of UC. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational cohort study using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink among adolescents and young adults (aged 10-24 years) diagnosed with UC between 1 January 1998 and 1 May 2016. METHOD: Time to oral 5-ASA discontinuation (days) and adherence rates (proportion of days covered) were calculated during the first year of treatment using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Cox regression models were built to estimate the impact of sociodemographic and health-related risk factors. RESULTS: Among 607 adolescents and young adults starting oral 5-ASA maintenance treatment, one-quarter (n = 152) discontinued within 1 month and two- thirds (n = 419) within 1 year. Discontinuation was higher among those aged 18-24 years (74%) than younger age groups (61% and 56% in those aged 10-14 and 15-17 years, respectively). Adherence was lower among young adults than adolescents (69% in those aged 18-24 years versus 80% in those aged 10-14 years). Residents in deprived versus affluent postcodes were more likely to discontinue treatment (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10 to 1.92). Early corticosteroid use for an acute flare lowered the likelihood of oral 5-ASA discontinuation (aHR 0.68, 95% CI = 0.51 to 0.90). CONCLUSION: The first year of starting long-term therapies in adolescents and young adults diagnosed with UC is a critical window for active follow-up of maintenance treatment, particularly in those aged 18-24 years and those living in deprived postcodes.

Investigation of mesalazine as an antifibrotic drug following myocardial infarction in male mice.

OBJECTIVES: Myocardial infarction (MI) initiates a complex reparative response during which damaged cardiac muscle is replaced by connective tissue. While the initial repair is essential for survival, excessive fibrosis post-MI is a primary contributor to progressive cardiac dysfunction, and ultimately heart failure. Currently, there are no approved drugs for the prevention or the reversal of cardiac fibrosis. Therefore, we tested the therapeutic potential of repurposed mesalazine as a post-MI therapy, as distinct antifibrotic effects have recently been demonstrated. METHODS: At 8 weeks of age, MI was induced in male C57BL/6J mice by LAD ligation. Mesalazine was administered orally at a dose of 100 µg/g body weight in drinking water. Fluid intake, weight development, and cardiac function were monitored for 28 days post intervention. Fibrosis parameters were assessed histologically and via qPCR. RESULTS: Compared to controls, mesalazine treatment offered no survival benefit. However, no adverse effects on heart and kidney function and weight development were observed, either. While total cardiac fibrosis remained largely unaffected by mesalazine treatment, we found a distinct reduction of perivascular fibrosis alongside reduced cardiac collagen expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings warrant further studies on mesalazine as a potential add-on therapy post-MI, as perivascular fibrosis development was successfully prevented.

Factors contributing to flares of ulcerative colitis in North India- a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis is a relapsing and remitting disease that may be associated with flares. The causes of flares in the Indian setting are not well recognized. METHODS: The present prospective case-control study was conducted at a single center in North India. Cases were defined as patients admitted for flare of ulcerative colitis, while controls were patients in remission enrolled from the outpatient department. The basis of the diagnosis of flare was a simple clinical colitis activity index (SCCAI) of ≥ 5 and endoscopic activity, while remission was based on SCCAI < 4 and a normal fecal calprotectin. A questionnaire evaluating recent infections, stress, drug intake (antibiotics, pain medication), adherence to therapy, and use of complementary and alternative therapy (CAM) was administered. RESULTS: We included 84 patients (51 with flare and 33 in remission) with a median age of 38 years, of whom 47 (55.9%) were males. The two groups were similar for baseline parameters, including age (38, 23-50 and 38, 25.5-48.5 years), male gender (52.9% and 60.6%), extent of disease, extraintestinal manifestations (21.6% and 12.1%), use of 5-aminosalicylates (76.5% and 90.9%). The thiopurine use was lower in those having a flare (15.7% and 36.4%). Amongst the predictors of flare, the recent infections (39.2% and 30.3%), recent travel (31.4 and 27.3%), eating outside food (47.1% and 39.4%), consumption of milk products (88.2% and 75.8%), use of pain medication (43.1% and 33.3%) and recent stress (62.7% and 60.6%) were similar between cases and controls. The rates of antibiotic use (29.4% and 6.1%), lack of adherence (50.9% and 15.2%), and intake of CAM (70.6% and 33.3%) were higher in those with flare. Patients attributed a lack of adherence to the cost of therapy, presumed cure (due to lack of symptoms), and fear of adverse effects. CONCLUSION: Lack of adherence to inflammatory bowel disease therapies and recent CAM and antibiotic intake was higher in patients with flares of UC. The study makes ground for educational intervention(s) promoting knowledge and adherence to IBD therapies.

Ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis is a lifelong inflammatory disease affecting the rectum and colon to a variable extent. In 2023, the prevalence of ulcerative colitis was estimated to be 5 million cases around the world, and the incidence is increasing worldwide. Ulcerative colitis is thought to occur in people with a genetic predisposition following environmental exposures; gut epithelial barrier defects, the microbiota, and a dysregulated immune response are strongly implicated. Patients usually present with bloody diarrhoea, and the diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical, biological, endoscopic, and histological findings. The aim of medical management is, first, to induce a rapid clinical response and normalise biomarkers and, second, to maintain clinical remission and reach endoscopic normalisation to prevent long-term disability. Treatments for inducing remission include 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs and corticosteroids. Maintenance treatments include 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs, thiopurines, biologics (eg, anti-cytokines and anti-integrins), and small molecules (Janus kinase inhibitors and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators). Although the therapeutic options are expanding, 10-20% of patients still require proctocolectomy for medically refractory disease. The keys to breaking through this therapeutic ceiling might be the combination of therapeutics with precision and personalised medicine.

Systematic review with meta-analysis: Medical therapies for treatment of ulcerative proctitis.

BACKGROUND: Ulcerative proctitis (UP) is a common highly symptomatic form of ulcerative colitis that can be difficult to treat. AIM: To assess the efficacy of medical treatments for UP. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL on 23 November 2022 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of medical therapy for adults with UP. Primary outcomes included induction and maintenance of clinical remission. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each outcome. RESULTS: We included 53 RCTs (n = 4096) including 46 induction studies (n = 3731) and seven maintenance studies (n = 365). First-line therapies included topical 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), conventional corticosteroids, budesonide, and oral 5-ASA. Therapy for refractory UP included topical tacrolimus and small molecules. Topical 5-ASA was superior to placebo for induction (RR 2.72, 95% CI 1.94-3.82) and maintenance of remission (RR 2.09, 95% CI 1.26-3.46). Topical corticosteroids were superior to placebo for induction of remission (RR 2.83, 95% CI 1.62-4.92). Topical budesonide was superior to placebo for induction of remission (RR 2.34, 95% CI 1.44-3.81). Combination therapy with topical 5-ASA and topical corticosteroids was superior to topical monotherapy with either agent. Topical tacrolimus was superior to placebo. Etrasimod was superior to placebo for induction (RR 4.71, 95% CI 1.2-18.49) and maintenance of remission (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.31-3.32). CONCLUSIONS: Topical 5-ASA and corticosteroids are effective for active UP. Topical 5-ASA may be effective for maintenance of remission. Tacrolimus may be effective for induction of remission. Etrasimod may be effective for induction and for maintenance of remission. Trials should include UP to expand the evidence base for this under-represented population.

Molecular Mechanisms of the Antitumor Effects of Mesalazine and Its Preventive Potential in Colorectal Cancer.

Chemoprevention is one of the ways to fight colorectal cancer, which is a huge challenge in oncology. Numerous pieces of evidence indicate that chronic inflammation in the course of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis (UC) is a significant cancer risk factor. Epidemiologic studies suggest that long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including mesalazine, has beneficial effects on colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Mesalazine is a first-line therapy for UC and is also widely used for maintaining remission in UC. Data showed that mesalazine has antiproliferative properties associated with cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition but can also act through COX-independent pathways. This review summarizes knowledge about mesalazine's molecular mechanisms of action and chemopreventive effect by which it could interfere with colorectal cancer cell proliferation and survival.

Impact of Concomitant 5-Aminosalicylic Acid Therapy on Vedolizumab Efficacy and Safety in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Post Hoc Analyses of Clinical Trial Data.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The benefit of continuing 5-aminosalicylic acid [5-ASA] treatment when escalating to advanced therapies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is unclear. Vedolizumab is a gut-selective monoclonal anti-α4ß7-integrin antibody used to treat moderate to severe IBD. Clinical trial data were analysed post hoc to assess the impact of 5-ASA co-treatment on vedolizumab efficacy and safety in patients with IBD. METHODS: Data were analysed from patients aged 18-80 years with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis [UC]/Crohn's disease [CD] receiving intravenous [IV]/subcutaneous [SC] vedolizumab. Efficacy data were from four studies [GEMINI 1 and 2 and VISIBLE 1 and 2]; safety data were from seven studies [GEMINI 1‒3 and long-term, VISIBLE 1, 2, and open-label extension]. The impact of 5-ASA co-treatment on clinical and endoscopic outcomes at Weeks 6 and 52 was assessed using multivariate analysis (adjusted odds ratios [aORs] with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in UC clinical remission [Mayo score ≤2, no subscore >1] rates with vs without 5-ASA at Week 6 [20.7% vs 20.4%, respectively; aOR 0.77, 95% CI 0.43-1.38] or at Week 52 [45.1% vs 40.6%; aOR 1.14, 0.70-1.86], and in CD clinical remission [CD activity index score ≤150] rates at Week 6 [41.4% vs 35.1%; 1.26, 0.86-1.85] or at Week 52 [49.6% vs 37.8%; 1.35, 0.91-1.99]. The incidence of enteric and all infections in vedolizumab IV/SC-treated patients was low with and without 5-ASA. CONCLUSION: Continuation of concomitant oral 5-ASA after starting vedolizumab had no significant impact on clinical and endoscopic outcomes. CLINICAL TRIAL IDENTIFIERS: GEMINI 1: NCT00783718, EudraCT 2008-002782-32; GEMINI 2: NCT00783692, EudraCT 2008-00278-33; GEMINI 3: NCT01224171, EudraCT 2009-016488-12; GEMINI long-term safety study: NCT00790933, EudraCT 2008-002784-14; VISIBLE 1: NCT02611830, EudraCT 2015-000480-14; VISIBLE 2: NCT02611817, EudraCT 2015-000481-58; VISIBLE open-label extension: NCT02620046, EudraCT 2015-000482-31.